A bend (Figure 103) is characterized by head
losses 
![]() of the form:
 of the form:
|  | (85) | 
where ![]() is a head loss coefficient depending on the bend angle
 is a head loss coefficient depending on the bend angle ![]() and the ratio of the bend radius to the pipe diameter
and the ratio of the bend radius to the pipe diameter ![]() ,
,
![]() is the mass flow, g is the gravity acceleration and
 is the mass flow, g is the gravity acceleration and ![]() is the
liquid density.
 is the
liquid density. ![]() is the cross section of the pipe. Values for
 is the cross section of the pipe. Values for ![]() can be found in file ``liquidpipe.f''.
 can be found in file ``liquidpipe.f''.  
The following constants have to be specified on the line beneath the *FLUID SECTION, TYPE=PIPE BEND card:
![]() denotes the roughness of the pipe:
 denotes the roughness of the pipe: ![]() applies to an extremely
smooth pipe surface,
 applies to an extremely
smooth pipe surface, ![]() to a very rough surface. The gravity acceleration must be specified by a gravity type
*DLOAD card defined for the elements at stake. The material
characteristic
 to a very rough surface. The gravity acceleration must be specified by a gravity type
*DLOAD card defined for the elements at stake. The material
characteristic ![]() can be defined by a
*DENSITY
card.
 can be defined by a
*DENSITY
card. 
Example files: centheat1, pipe.